Граждане США: что можно и чего нельзя делать

Как получают гражданство США

Сравнение категорий гражданства

Что граждане США могут делать

• Постоянно жить в США, въезжать и оставаться без visa или Green Card, и обращаться за U.S. passport.
• Получать помощь U.S. embassies and consulates abroad, с учетом закона и practical limits.
• Голосовать на federal, state, local elections при правильной регистрации и eligibility.
• Баллотироваться на многие должности и служить в jury when summoned and eligible.
• Работать, вести бизнес, покупать property, учиться, подавать на qualifying government jobs и security clearances.
• Петиционировать более широкий круг родственников и передавать или получать citizenship для certain children when statutory requirements are met.

Чего граждане США не могут делать

• Нельзя голосовать больше одного раза, voting where not eligible, false registration или voter fraud.
• Нельзя делать false statements в passport, immigration, tax, employment, loan, firearm или benefit applications.
• Нельзя использовать чужую identity или citizenship documents, alter, sell, lend, misuse U.S. passport.
• Нельзя нарушать foreign laws или требовать admission в другую страну только потому, что человек U.S. citizen.
• Нельзя игнорировать laws, tax obligations, jury summons, court orders, subpoenas, protection orders или child-support orders.
• Нельзя автоматически sponsor every relative или guarantee visa/Green Card.
• Нельзя transfer citizenship to every child автоматически без statutory requirements.
• Нельзя использовать government seals/credentials без authorization или claim government authority.

Гражданские обязанности

• Соблюдать federal, state, local laws.
• Подавать required tax returns и report worldwide income when required.
• Отвечать на lawful jury summons unless excused.
• Регистрироваться перед голосованием, если registration required, и держать voter information accurate.
• Register with Selective Service when required.
• Хранить citizenship and identity documents securely и report lost/stolen passport.
• Говорить правду в government applications, follow court orders, meet child-support and tax obligations.

U.S. Passports and International Travel

• U.S. passport — evidence of citizenship and identity for international travel.
• U.S. citizens generally must use a U.S. passport to depart from and enter the United States, subject to limited exceptions.
• Passport не гарантирует admission в другую страну; могут требоваться visas, passport validity, funds, tickets, vaccines.
• Citizens remain subject to foreign laws abroad; consular officers cannot act as private attorneys.
• Dual nationals may be treated only as citizens of the other country while there.
• Passport may be denied, limited, or revoked in circumstances authorized by law.

Family Immigration

• U.S. citizen generally may file Form I-130 for spouse, unmarried child under 21, unmarried son/daughter 21+, married son/daughter, parent if citizen is at least 21, and sibling if citizen is at least 21.
• K-1 fiance process may be available when all requirements are met.
• Petition does not guarantee approval; some relatives have visa-number waiting periods.
• Admissibility, documentation, priority dates, age, prior history, unlawful presence, fraud, public charge when applicable, and financial sponsorship may affect the process.
• A citizen cannot simply give another person citizenship or a Green Card.
• Form I-864 may create enforceable financial obligations.

Dual Citizenship

• U.S. law does not generally require choosing only one nationality.
• Another country may treat a dual citizen solely as its citizen while there.
• Dual citizens may have tax, military, passport, registration, employment, or property obligations in both countries.
• U.S. consular assistance may be limited in the country of the other nationality.
• Verify both countries’ laws before travel, voting, government employment, military service, or document actions.

Children and Citizenship

• A child born in the U.S. is generally a citizen at birth, subject to limited exceptions.
• A child born abroad may acquire citizenship at birth through a U.S.-citizen parent if statutory requirements are satisfied.
• Certain children may automatically derive citizenship after birth under the Child Citizenship Act.
• Parent citizenship, physical presence, custody, residence, marital history, dates, and law in effect may matter.
• Do not assume every foreign-born child automatically became a citizen or file an immigration petition before checking citizenship.

Speak With a Qualified Attorney Before Taking Action If...

• You may already have been a citizen before naturalization, acquired citizenship at birth abroad, or derived citizenship through a parent.
• Documents show different names, dates, places, or a certificate error.
• Passport application was denied, limited, suspended, or revoked because evidence was insufficient.
• USCIS or State Department questions how citizenship was obtained.
• You face a denaturalization investigation or need to prove a parent’s physical presence before birth.
• You are preparing N-600/N-600K, considering renunciation, or facing dual-citizenship obligations abroad.
• You sponsor a relative with criminal, fraud, unlawful-presence, or prior-removal issues.

Citizenship Documents

Common evidence may include U.S. birth certificate, U.S. passport, Certificate of Naturalization, Certificate of Citizenship, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, or other recognized evidence.

• Social Security card, driver’s license, or voter-registration card should not be treated as universal citizenship proof.
• Keep secure digital copies and protected document numbers/issue dates.
• Avoid sending unredacted documents through insecure messaging or posting them online.
• Replace lost, stolen, damaged, or incorrect documents through the issuing agency.
• Do not laminate, alter, write on, or unnecessarily mail an original certificate.

Какие документы нужно защищать

Naturalized Citizens Have Full Citizenship Rights

• Naturalized citizens generally have the same rights and responsibilities as citizens at birth.
• They may vote, obtain a passport, petition relatives, serve on juries, seek qualifying government employment, and receive consular assistance.
• They are not required to carry a Green Card after citizenship and should update records when appropriate.
• Citizenship does not expire when a Certificate of Naturalization or passport expires.

Denaturalization Accuracy

• A naturalized citizen cannot ordinarily be deported while citizenship remains valid.
• An arrest or conviction after naturalization does not automatically cancel citizenship.
• The government may pursue denaturalization only through authorized legal process and legally recognized grounds.
• Grounds may include illegally procured citizenship or concealment of a material fact/willful misrepresentation.
• After citizenship is lawfully revoked, separate immigration consequences may become possible.

Relinquishing or Losing Citizenship

• Citizenship is not lost merely by living abroad for years, obtaining another citizenship, failing to vote, passport expiration, or ordinary conviction.
• Renunciation is a serious formal process generally intended to be permanent.
• Renunciation may affect immigration, tax, property, inheritance, family, and travel.
• Former citizens may require visas or other permission to enter the U.S.
• Denaturalization is different from voluntary renunciation.

Официальные ресурсы

Используйте официальные государственные источники для текущих правил, форм и обновлений.